units. Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 13(2), 111–117.
https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.10926
Barrett, C., & Cheung, K. L. (2021). Knowledge, socio-cognitive perceptions and the practice of hand
hygiene and social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study of UK
university students. BMC Public Health, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10461-0
Bauer, M., & Mckenzie, G. (n.d.). Using Agar Plates to Teach the Importance of Hand Hygiene (Vol.
32, Issue 6).
Bayraktar, M., Kaya, E., Ozturk, A., & İbahim, B. M. S. (2021). Antimicrobial susceptibility of
bacterial pathogens isolated from healthcare workers’ cellphones. Infectious Diseases Now,
51(7), 596–602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idnow.2021.05.007
Bondurant, S., McKinney, T., Bondurant, L., & Fitzpatrick, L. (2020). Evaluation of a benzalkonium
chloride hand sanitizer in reducing transient Staphylococcus aureus bacterial skin contamination
in health care workers. American Journal of Infection Control, 48(5), 522–526.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2019.08.030
Cicciarella Modica, D., Maurici, M., D’alò, G. L., Mozzetti, C., Messina, A., Distefano, A., Pica, F.,
& De Filippis, P. (2020). Taking screenshots of the invisible: A study on bacterial contamination
of mobile phones from university students of healthcare professions in Rome, Italy.
Microorganisms, 8(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8071075
Deepak, D., Faujdar, S., Kumar, S., Mehrishi, P., Solanki, S., Sharma, A., & Verma, S. (2020). Hand
hygiene knowledge, attitude, practice and hand microflora analysis of staff nurses in a rural
tertiary care hospital. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 9(9), 4969.
https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_773_20
Genc, O., & Arikan, I. (2020). The relationship between hand hygiene practices and nasal
Staphylococcus aureus carriage in healthcare workers. Medicina Del Lavoro, 111(1), 54–62.
https://doi.org/10.23749/mdl.v111i1.8918
Hikmah, N. A., & Anuar, T. S. (2020). Mobile phones: A possible vehicle of bacterial transmission
in a higher learning institution in Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences, 27(2), 151–
158. https://doi.org/10.21315/mjms2020.27.2.15
Holleck, J. L., Campbell, S., Alrawili, H., Frank, C., Merchant, N., Rodwin, B., Perez, M. F., Gupta,
S., Federman, D. G., Chang, J. J., Vientos, W., & Dembry, L. (2020). Stethoscope hygiene:
Using cultures and real-time feedback with bioluminescence-based adenosine triphosphate
technology to change behavior. American Journal of Infection Control, 48(4), 380–385.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2019.10.005
Hor, S.-Y., Hooker, C., Iedema, R., Wyer, M., Gilbert, G. L., Jorm, C., Vincent, M., & O’sullivan,
N. (n.d.-a). Beyond hand hygiene: a qualitative study of the everyday work of preventing cross-
contamination on hospital wards. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2016
Hor, S.-Y., Hooker, C., Iedema, R., Wyer, M., Gilbert, G. L., Jorm, C., Vincent, M., & O’sullivan,
N. (n.d.-b). Beyond hand hygiene: a qualitative study of the everyday work of preventing cross-
contamination on hospital wards. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2016
Kac, G., Podglajen, I., Gueneret, M., Vaupré, S., Bissery, A., & Meyer, G. (2005). Microbiological
evaluation of two hand hygiene procedures achieved by healthcare workers during routine
patient care: A randomized study. Journal of Hospital Infection, 60(1), 32–39.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2004.10.014
Martini, M., & Lippi, D. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) and the Teaching of Ignaz Semmelweis
and Florence Nightingale: a Lesson of Public Health from History, after the “Introduction of
Handwashing” (1847). In Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene (Vol. 62, Issue 3, pp.
E621–E624). Pacini Editore S.p.A./AU-CNS. https://doi.org/10.15167/2421-
4248/jpmh2021.62.3.2161
Organización mundial de la salud. (2009). Manual técnico de referencia para la higiene de las manos.